The importance of Cross-Cultural Competence at sea

With over 90% of global trade transported by sea and crews frequently consisting of 5–10 different nationalities, the importance of cross-cultural competence and one common language (English) in the maritime sector cannot be overstated. This article delves into the critical role of intercultural skills, explores evidence-based strategies for improvement, and examines how innovative training solutions, such as those offered by Spot On Learning, are addressing these challenges.

The critical role of communication

Effective communication in the maritime industry in the context of safety is crucial. Miscommunication remains a leading contributor to maritime incidents, with studies indicating that 34% of analyzed accidents can be linked to inadequate English proficiency or cultural misunderstandings. The risks are multifaceted, ranging from language barriers during high-stress operations to differing interpretations of hierarchy and authority, and varied approaches to conflict resolution and decision-making.

A comprehensive international survey conducted in 2013 revealed that maritime professionals continue to face persistent challenges in multicultural environments. Crews often struggle to reconcile conflicting norms around safety protocols, leadership styles, and teamwork. These challenges underscore the need for a more nuanced approach to cultural competence in maritime operations.

Beyond safety, operational efficiency is significantly improved by effective communication. The benefits of better language skills and cross-cultural understanding are evident in several key areas of maritime operations. Bridge Resource Management (BRM) coordination becomes more seamless when crew members from diverse backgrounds can communicate effectively and understand each other's perspectives. Emergency response alignment is crucial in crisis situations, where clear communication can mean the difference between a minor incident and a major catastrophe.

Developing cross-cultural communication skills significantly enhances seafarers' job satisfaction by fostering mutual understanding, reducing conflicts, and improving teamwork on board. In a high-stress, multicultural environment, effective communication creates a more inclusive and supportive atmosphere, leading to better collaboration and morale. When crew members feel heard and respected, they are more engaged and motivated, contributing to a safer and more efficient workplace. Additionally, improved cross-cultural communication has been linked to higher crew retention rates, reducing the costly turnover that plagues many shipping companies. Investing in these skills not only benefits individual well-being but also strengthens overall team cohesion and performance at sea.

The DNV Maritime Impact Report 2023 emphasizes that developing a robust safety culture, particularly in the context of decarbonization and digitalization initiatives, depends on holistic competence. This approach integrates human, organizational, and technological factors, recognizing that cultural competence is not an isolated skill but an integral part of overall maritime professionalism.

Evidence-based strategies for improvement

Leading organizations in the maritime industry have recognized the need for integrated training frameworks to address cross-cultural challenges. These frameworks adopt a multi-modal approach, combining various learning methodologies to ensure comprehensive skill development. Blended learning programs that incorporate e-learning, simulations, and workshops have proven particularly effective. By infusing cultural competency in all training curriculums, companies ensure that cross-cultural awareness is not treated as a separate subject but as an integral part of all maritime operations. Leadership development programs focusing on inclusive decision-making are also crucial, as they equip senior officers with the skills needed to manage diverse teams effectively.

Standardized communication protocols have emerged as a best practice in the industry. The mandatory use of Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) provides a common linguistic ground for seafarers from different backgrounds. Additionally, many companies have implemented plain language policies to facilitate clearer communication among non-native English speakers. The adoption of digital tools, such as translation apps and crew management systems, further support these efforts by providing technological aids to overcome language barriers.

Creating a robust cultural intelligence infrastructure within maritime organizations is another key strategy. This includes establishing peer support networks for new crew members, which can help them navigate the complexities of a multicultural work environment. Many companies have also found success in employing multilingual mediators who can facilitate conflict resolution when cultural misunderstandings arise. Furthermore, culturally adaptive incentive systems that reinforce safety behaviors while respecting diverse cultural norms have proven effective in promoting a cohesive shipboard culture.

Spot On Learning's innovative approach

In response to these industry challenges, Spot On Learning has developed the program ‘Intercultural Communication in the Maritime World’ (IcCMW) course to address real-world challenges faced by multicultural crews through a case-based learning methodology. The course is built on extensive interviews with maritime professionals, ensuring that its content reflects authentic situations encountered onboard ships. These scenarios highlight common cultural differences and their consequences, helping participants understand how varying perspectives can influence communication and teamwork. By integrating theories of cultural dimensions, the course enables learners to recognize "symptoms" of potential misunderstandings and equips them with practical tools to bridge gaps between diverse cultural viewpoints. This approach not only enhances cross-cultural competence but also fosters a deeper appreciation of the complexities of working in multinational environments, making the training highly relevant and impactful for maritime professionals.

One example of the program's practical approach is a training scenario that addresses the cultural differences in approaches to machinery maintenance. In this scenario, a Filipino engineer and a Dutch officer learn to reconcile their differing perspectives with the Filipino approach prioritizing collective input and the Dutch style valuing direct individual responsibility. Through such scenarios, participants gain practical skills in navigating real-world cultural challenges they are likely to encounter in their maritime careers.

Measurable outcomes

The effectiveness of Spot On Learning's approach is reflected in the positive feedback received from participants and organizations. Individual participants have reported improvements in their ability to work in multicultural teams, with many noting enhanced communication skills and better understanding among diverse crew members. Feedback suggests that conflict resolution has become more efficient, and there has been a noticeable reduction in workplace misunderstandings, indicating improved day-to-day interactions among crew members.

Organizations implementing the program have also reported benefits. Some companies have found that IcCMW training has contributed to increased job satisfaction and better retention of trained personnel. Improvements in emergency drill completion times have been noted, which could potentially contribute to enhanced safety in real emergency situations. Additionally, organizations using the program have reported progress in aligning with best practice in multicultural workforce management, demonstrating their commitment to fostering a diverse and inclusive work environment.

While specific quantitative data is not available, these qualitative observations suggest that Spot On Learning's approach is making a positive impact on cross-cultural communication and teamwork in maritime settings.

Why online training delivers results

The shift towards e-learning solutions in maritime training reflects the operational realities of the industry. Traditional training methods, while valuable, often struggle to meet the needs of a globally dispersed workforce. Online training, on the other hand, offers global 24/7 access, allowing crew members to engage with learning materials at times that suit their schedules and locations. This flexibility is particularly crucial in an industry where personnel may be at sea for extended periods.

Online training also allows for personalized learning paths, adapting to the individual needs and learning styles of each participant. This contrasts with the often generic content of traditional training programs. From a logistical perspective, online training offers significant cost advantages, with scalable per-vessel pricing models that make comprehensive training more accessible to companies of all sizes.

Research by Commisceo Global has confirmed the advantages of e-learning in cross-cultural training. Their studies show a higher retention rate through microlearning formats, which break down complex concepts into manageable, easily digestible units. The ability to track progress in real-time not only aids compliance reporting but also allows for timely intervention when additional support is needed. Furthermore, the digital nature of these platforms allows for rapid cultural customization, enabling companies to tailor training content for specific regional fleets or routes.

Organisations benefitting from the course IcCMW

A number of Dutch shipping companies have already integrated cross-cultural competence training into their existing programs. The Dutch reefer shipping company Seatrade was an early adopter in structurally training its seafarers to improve cross-cultural competencies and English proficiency. The Maritime English Communication program that consists of tests and several online courses includes the IcCMW course that seafarers complete in about 6 weeks with a final test and certificate. According to Kor Wormmeester, manager crewing: “The IcCMW course gives our seafarers a better understanding of different cultural backgrounds and gives them the ability to act on this. This enables them to more effectively, safely and harmoniously work together in an international team.”  

For MF Shipping, the IcCMW course is an essential part of their seafarers’ training programme. Participants have mentioned that the case-based lessons provide them with more concrete examples they can relate to. The various cross-cultural communication perspectives help participants better understand one another and equip them with the necessary tools to address these differences. At a time when non-technical skills are becoming increasingly important, this training contributes to the development of communication, collaboration, and intercultural understanding. One participant provided the following feedback: "In my opinion, this training can be an eye-opener for all crew members."

In addition, Wijnne Barends decided two years ago that all their seafaring officers should take the online IcCMW course. They find the content highly relatable and applicable to workplace scenarios and the course well-structured and time-efficient. Auke Douma, manager crewing: “We think it is a very good value-added course for our seafarers.”

Conclusion

As maritime operations grow increasingly complex, cross-cultural competence has transitioned from a "soft skill" to a hard safety requirement. Organizations adopting structured programs like those offered by Spot On Learning are demonstrating measurable improvements in safety outcomes, operational efficiency, and crew satisfaction. By leveraging adaptive e-learning technologies while maintaining a human-centered design, the industry can navigate the challenges of multicultural teamwork while capitalizing on its benefits – diverse perspectives driving innovative solutions to 21st-century maritime challenges.

The integration of cultural competence into maritime training represents not just risk mitigation, but a strategic advantage in an era where effective multicultural collaboration determines competitive success. As the maritime industry continues to evolve, those companies that prioritize cross-cultural competence will be best positioned to thrive in an increasingly interconnected global marketplace.

For more information on Spot On Learning's online communication programs or other services, look on our website or contact us at info@spotonlearning.eu.